International Law
by: Thang Luai
Thuhmai
International Law ka ngan tumnak hi kum 4 lai a rei zo nan, a tak ih ka ngan thok theinak cu June, 2008 lawngah a si. Atu ah malte cu ka ngan suak zo ih, hmailam caan ah hi hnakih tam le kim sawn ih ngan bet ka tum lai. 'Law' t'ongkam hi kan t'ong ih ngah sal dingah harsatnak tampi a um. Kan theihtlan vekin, pi le pu san ihsin kan 'daan' pawl hi ngan an si lo ruangah daan t'ongkam hi vun phuah mei ding a har zet. Lai t'ong ka thiam mi in a daih lo thawn famkim le siar nuam deuh dingih ngan ka thiam lo rori a si. Ziang vekih famkim lo a va si hmanah kan Lai t'ong in 'Intenational Law' kan neih ve hi t'ha ka ti ruangah tuvek in ka run ngan a si.
Ahmaisa bikih kan tawnmi harsatnak cu 'International' timi cafang a si. Kan t'ong in ziang ti'n let sehla a dik/t'ha bik ding tiih ka ruat tikah a leh dan ding ciah hi ka ruat suak thei lo. Curuangah, International ti in ka run hmang a si. Kan Lai t'ong a t'hanso vivonak dingah le Laimi kan theihnak a kau vivo theinak dingah siartu nan zate'n fakselnak le forhfialnak in pe dingah ka dil duh a si.
Hi ca nan siar tik ah hlawknak nan ngah cio ding ti khal in ruahsannak tumpi ka nei. Cun t'ongfang hman dan le cafangkom dan pawl khal mawi sinsin le rem sawn ih tuah ding ah siartu pawlih ruahnak t'ha in pe dingin ka lo dil fawn.
I. INTERNATIONAL LAW
Ziang a si?
International Law cu a tawibik ih kan sim asilen ram khat le ram khat pehtlaihawknak le ram pahnih hnak ih tam kar lakih pehtlaihawknak ih thlun ding daanpi a si. International Law cu minung pumpak hrang a si lo ih, ‘rampi’ pakhat ih nemhnget mi ram pawl hrang a si.
A Suahnak Hnaar
International Law ih thupi zet pakhat cu International Court of Justice (ICJ) a si. UN Charters thaw khal in an pehtlaih aw. Kum 1945 ah rak din a si. Khawvel Ralpi veihnihnak hlan ah League of Nations ih rak hman mi Permanent International Court of Justice (PICJ) aiawh ih rak din mi a si. ICJ hi Netherlands ram, Hague khawpi ah a um. UN ih daan inn pi bik khal a si. ICJ in a rorelnak ih a hman mi pawl cu:
(a) international custom, ngan mi a si lo hman ah daan ih pom mi a si ding
(b) international conventions (ram tin lungkim tlanmi)
(c) general principles of law, civilised ram pawl ih pom mi
(d) judicial dicision (thu t'hen catmi) le
(e) mithiam sang ngai ngai (most highly qualified publiscist) pawl ih zirhnak pawl tla an si.
International Custom
‘Custom’ timi, daan vek ih hman mi, ngan mi a si lo hman ah santhar International Law ih hnaarpi pakhat a si ve. Khuahlan ram khat le ram khat an rak pehtlaihawknak ah hman mi tampi an rak nei. Cu pawl tla cu tulai vek in ngan fekfek an rak si lo. Caan reipi hnuah kumpi thuneitu (acozah) pawl in daan pakhat ah an pom. Thupi zet pakhat cu ‘custom’ pakhat hi ‘daan’ ih a can theinak ding ah ziang tluk a rei ti cu hmunkhat le hmunkhat an bang aw lo.
Treaties
Tuisan International Law ih thupi bik thil a si. Treaty hi Lai t'ong cun ram khat le ram khat karlak ih tuah mi, thlun ding ‘daan lole hnatlak tlanmi’ ti sehla a sual ka zum lo. Treaty hi ram pahnih karlak lawng ih tuah mi (bilateral) khal a si thei ih, ram hnih hnak ih tam ram tampi karlak ih tuah mi (multilateral) khal a si thei. Bilateral hi cu International Law a si lo nan multilateral hi cu International Law ih pom a si. Treaty tampi thawn tuah mi Internatioanal Law cu ‘Conventional International Law’ ti ih kawh a si. Cumi ih sullam cu ‘conventions cu International Law ih hrampi (foundation) a si.
UN General Assembly Thuthluaknak
UN General Assembly ih ‘thuthluknak’ (resolution of the General Assembly) khal hi International law ih hrampi pakhat a si ve. UN General Assembly ihsin ra suak mi daan pakhat, t'himnak hrang ih tarlan theih mi cu ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights-10 December 1948’ a si. International convention dang tampi khal UN General Assembly in a tuah suak zo. General Assembly ih tuahmi daan pawl hi rak dokalh tu le vote pe duh lo ram khrekkhat tla an rak um tho tho. Asinan, ram tam sawn in ‘duhnak’ vote an pek hnu ahcun International Law ih pom a si.
II. INTERNATIONAL LAW THLUNTU DING
International Law thluntu ding pawl cu ‘rampi’ (state) pawl an si. Rampi timi cu sim daan a phunphun a um na’n, UN le khawvel rampi acozah tam sawn ih an pom mi pawl cu a tang lamih tarlan vekin an si.
‘Rampi Ziang A Si’
Khawvel rampi lak ih ‘rampi’ pakhat dinhmun ih rak tling ve ding cun a tang lam ih sinak neih a t'ul teng teng.
1. Ahmun mi le a khawm-aw mi mipi (permanent and organised population)
2. Ramkulh (some territory)
3. Cui ramkulh uktu ding acozah (government to administer that territory)
4. Thu neihnak pumhlum (sovereign status) pawl tla an si.
1. Ahmun mi le a khawm-aw mi mipi
Rampi pakhat cun ahmun mi le akhawm aw mi mipi a nei teng teng ding ti hi kumpi thu neitu le mithiam pawl ih pom dan cu a si. ‘Mipum’(population) pawl hi cuih ram sung ah a hnget ih an um a t'ul. Ahnget men lawng hman si lo in, akhawm (organised) ih an um khal a t'ul. Akhawm (organised) ti tik ah mipi za te’n hmun pakhat ah an um teng teng ding tinak cu a si cuang fawn lo. Akhawm ih um mi lak ah mah te’n a hran ih um mi rawi khal in rampi pakhat cu a si thei thotho.
2. Ramkulh
Ramkulh (territory) nei lo rampi ti cu a um thei lo. Rampi pakhat dinhmun ih tling ding cun ramkulh cu neih a t'ul rori. Hmun hrekkhat ahcun ramkulh nei na cing in ramri t'hit'ha nei lo khal an um. Thimnak ah Israel ram khal khi ramkulh cu a um ko nan ramri thu ah tui ni tiang buainak a um lai. Pakistan-India-China ramri pawl khal ah ‘ramri buainak’ cu a um ring ring. Himi ramkulh sung ah mipi an um khal a si thei ih, um lo khal a si thei tho tho. Ram i kip ah mi an um teng teng ding tinak a si lo.
3. Acozah (Kumpi)
Ahmunmi mipi hrangah a t'hami rorelnak thawn ramuktu khal a um ding. Rorelnak (administration) ti mi cu ‘ram mipi pawl daan le dun thlun ih um ding’ hnat'uan a si. Ram mipi hrang daan tuah le lairelnak pawl khal acozah ih hna t'uan a si.
4. Thuneihnak Pumhlum (Sovereign Status)
Hi thil hi a thupi ngai ngai ih khawvel rampi pawl lak ih hmun neih theinak ah thil t'ul rori a si ve. Thu neihnak pumhlum nei ram pawl lawng hi International Law in a huap ban. Thuneihnak pumhlum timi sullam cu ‘ram sung thu le ramleng thu ah thuneihnak pumhlum neih’hi a si. Mai ram sung ih kaihhruaiawknak ah mai duh daan ih feh theinak a si ih,, ram dang pawl thawn pehtlaihawknak khal ah mai duh daan tei’h feh theinak hi a si. Mi dang thununnak pakhat hman um lo, mai thu tei’h um thei ram ti theih khal a si.
Rampi Phun Then Daan
Rampi dinhmun ih tling thei pawl hi phun dang dang ih t'hen an si. A tlangpi thu ih an t'hen daan cu: ‘Unitary, Federal, Confederation, Vassal, Protectorate, Trust & Colony’ pawl tla an si. An danglamnak pawl cu a tang lamih pakhat hnu pakhat tarlan vek hi a si.
Unitary States
Rampi pakhat ih thuneihnak hmuahhmuah cu cui ram hmunpi (khawpi bik) lawng ih a um ahcun cui ram cu Unitary ram kan ti thei. Mirang t'ong cun ‘centralized government’ ti ah an ti. Central government in ziang kim ah thuneihnak a nei thluh, rorelnak khal ah a mai thu lawng in an feh. Thimnak t'habik cu Burma ram hi a si.
Federation States
Federal rampi pawl cun atlangpithuin kumpi thu neihnak pahnih an nei. Federal rampi ih province (state) pawl in an mah le provice (state) ciar ah acozah an nei ih hleiah an rampi zate huap in central/Federal Government ‘acozah’ pi an nei bet. India, USA, Malaysia, Canada, Russia le Australia pawl hi Federal rampi pawl cu an si. Ram dang le UN pawl thawn an pehtlaihawknak cu Federal/ central government kut ah a um. Federal/Central government thu neihnak, provice (state) thuneihnak le an pahnih ih thuneih kopnak ti in thu neih dan phun thum an nei tlangpi.
Confederation
‘Confederation’ timi cafang hi sim daan a tam zet ih hlei ah, sim daan khal hmun khat le hmun khat an bang aw lo. Hmun hrekkhat ah cun Confederation hi Federal thawn bangrep khal in an pom. Federal thawn bang rep ih an rel tik ah Federal rampi ih province pawl hnak in Confederation ih province (state) pawl in thuneihnak (power) an nei tam deuh. Tulai ahcun Confederation hi hmuh ding a um nawn lo nan Switzerland lawng hi confederation vek ah rel theih a si. Mithiam hrekkhat tla cun Switzerland hman hi quasi federal ti ah an ti.
Protectorate
Rampi fate le caklo deuh cun ram dang t'anpinak dil in humhimnak le ram dang thawn pehtlaihawknak (defense & exteranl affairs) ah a t'anpitu ram pawl rinsan in an um. Hivek ih humhimnak le ram dang thawn pehtlaihawknak pawl hmalak sak ding ih lungrualnak tuah in mai innhnen ram hnen in t'anpinak a diltu ram pawl cu Protectorate rampi tiah kawh an si. An ram hnih kar lak ih hnatlak tlannak par ah zo hman in thuneihnak an nei thei lo. An ram hnih ih hnatlaktlannak cu ram dang pawl khal in an pom sak a t'ul. Hi ram pawl hi ram zalen si cing le UN member si tho tho tla an um ih, ram hrekkhat cu zalen ngai ngai hrih lo tla an um ve.
Bhutan: India ih Portectorate ram a si. An ram mipum hi million 1 hnak in an tam fang fang. Kum 1949 ah an ram hnih lak ah Treaty of Protection an tuah ih, cuti’n tuini tiang Bhutan ram cu India ih Protectorate ah a um lan ta. Bhutan ram hi UN member a si theinak dingah India in a rak t'anpi ih, Bhutan hin UN member sinak khal a nei tho tho.
VassalState
Vassal state dinhmun ih um ram pawl ih thu khal hi buaipi tlak zet a si ve. Rel daan a laklawh zikzik t'heu. A cekci ih rel ding khal a ol lo. Colony ram dinhmun tluk ah ngai a si nan, colony vek ciah khal a si fawn lo. Rampi cak zet pakhat cun ram fate deuh cu a thu neihnak hnuai ah a ret mi khi a si. Vassal ram cu za ah za a zalen lo. Thu neihnak lam khal ah a thu nuntu ram ih sian zat lawng a nei thei.
TrustTerritory
Khawvel Ralpi veihnihnak t'hehah UN Charter vek in ‘trust’ territory system timi an hmang. Ralpi hlan ah cun League of Nations in ‘mandate’ timi a rak hmang. Himi trust territory hi ‘mandate’ ih aiawh cu a si. Hi daan vek in rampi pakhat in a kut sung um (a enkol mi ram) cu an mah te’n uk aw thei ding dinhmun ih an um cun zalennak a pe ding ti a si. TrustTerritory ram pawl hi colony ram ciah cu an si lo. Khawvel Ralpi veihnihnak ah nehnak co ram pawl in an ral pawl hnen in an lak sak mi ram pawl an si. An ral hnen in an ngah mi ram an si ruangah ‘trust’ ti ih an kawhnak bik khal a si.
III. STATETERRITORY
‘StateTerritory’ timi cu Lai t'ong in ‘rampi pakhat ih ram’ ti in let sehla a sual lo ding. Rampi pakhat cu a ram sung ah thu neihnak a nei ih, a ram sung ah midang an lal thei lo. Hi vek in thu neih thei cin ram hi ‘mai ram-territory’ cin a si ko. Ram pakhat ih acozah lal theinak in cinri a nei ih, cuih cinri cu ‘ramri’ a si lala fawn.
‘Ram’ timi cu thil pathum kom khawm mi a si. Cu pawl tla cu, khawmual (land), cuih khawmual thawn pehaw mi tipi (adjacent sea) le van boruak (airspace) pawl an si. Khawmual hi leilung lawng a si lo ih, leilung sung um thil hmuah hmuah, leilung sung ihsin ra suak thingkung le thlairah phun kim khal an tel t'heh. Tipi (sea) le van boruak (airspace) pawl cu a hran in tarlan an si.
Ram laak (acquisition of land) ti mi hi a phun phun in tuah a si. Ram pakhat laak asi tik ah a la tu in cuih ram cu ‘kan ram’ ti ah an hum t'heu. Ram laak daan pawl cu ‘Luahsak’ (occupation), ‘Hamnak’ (prescription), do neh ih laksaknak (annexation), duh hrilnak in ram dang ih va kom (plebiscite), ram pakhat in ram dang ih t'hawn (transfer), ram dang thawn komawknak le ram t'hang (accretion) pawl an si.
Luahsak (Occupation)
Mirang t'ong ih ‘occupation’ cafang hi Roman hrampi in a si. Roman t'ong ahcun ‘occupatio’ ti a si ih, Roman pawl ih daan ah hi t'ongfang ih sullam cu ‘zo hman ih rak ta dah lo’ (a thing owned by none before-res nullius) ti a si. Curuangah, International Law ah khawmual (ram) pakhat cu zo ta hman a rak si dah lo ahcun cuih ram cu a va luah hmaisa biktu ih ram a si. Occupation in thil t'ul pahnih a nei ve. Cu pawl cu, ram va hmu le cui ram par ih thu neihnak va nei an si. Minung um dah lonak ram va hmu men in, a hmu hmaisa biktu in cumi ram ah um cuang lo in thu neihnak khal a hmang cuang lo ahcun cui ram cu a hmu hmaisa bik tui’h ram ti theih a si lo. Cun, minung rak um zonak hmun si cing in a hmu suak tu pawl ih ramah cang khal an um tho tho. Thimnak ah US, Canada, Australia & New Zealand pawl tla khi mirang pawl an thlen hlan ah Aborigin timi pawl an rak um zo. Asinan, tusan ahcun mirang ram ah an cang zo. Curuang ah, ‘occupation’ timi cu um men lawng khal a ngah lo ih, thu neihnak hmang tengteng khal a t'ul.
Hamnak (presciption)
Hi daan ra suaknak hi International Law tuahtu pawl hnen in a si lo ruang ah hmun hrek khat ahcun an hmang tuk lo. Khawsung daan (municipal law) ihsi ra mi a si. Occupation lo vek in a nih cu caan reipi ih thil um ruangah ram pakhat cu ram dang pakhatin ‘ka ram’ ti ih a hamnak a si. Ram pakhat cu ram dang pakhat in kum reipi sung a rak luah ih, ukawknak (administraton) khal a kut ah kum reipi a ret ahcun cui ram cu a luahtu ram in ‘ka ram’ ti ah a co thei.
Do ih Laksaknak (Annexation)
Tusan ahcun doneh ruang ih ram lak sak awk vek a um nawn lo. Khawvel Ralpi vei hnihnak hlan ahcun European ram pawl in Asia le Africa khawmual pawl ah hriamnam hmang in ram an rak la t'heu. Asinan, tui san ahcun cu vek cu International Law thawn a kalh aw mi a si. European ram pawl ih rak uk mi ram hrekkhat in khawvel Ralpi t'heh ah ralthuam hmagn in mah le ram zalennak an rak sual hai. Hmun hrekkhat ahcun hriamnam thawn zalennak an rak sual suak. Cu pawl cu do neh ruang ih ram lak sak an si thei lo.
Duh Hrilnak In Ram Dang Ih Va Kom (plebiscite)
Ram mipi duhnak vek in ram dang ih va kom hi ram laksakawk dan phun khat a si. Hi daan ahcun ram mipi in anmah te’n zalen ih um ding maw, ram dang hnen ih va kom ding ti thu ah thu thluknak an tuah. Asinan mipi in an duh tak tak maw, duh tak tak lo ti fiangfai ih sim awk a um le a um lo thu ah buainak a suak t'heu. Vote laknak ah UN a tel ve a t'ul maw t'ul lo? Ram mipi in rak duh hman sehla a latu ding ram in ziang vek in a kaihruai ding? Political Party pakhat lawng ih duhnak a si maw? Kum reipi hnu ah mahte ukawk anduh sal tik ah an suak thei sal ding maw? tvp ruang ah plebiscite cu thil hnok zet pakhat a si.
Ram Pakhat In Ram Dang ih Thawn (transfer)
Ram t'hawn ti tik ah leiram (land) pi va t'hawn ding tinak si lo in, thu neihnak pekawk mi sawn a si. Hi vek ih thu neihnak pekawknak cu ‘cession’ tiah mi tam sawn ih theih dan a si. ‘Cession’ hi duh lo cing khal ih tuah a si thei vek in, mai lungkimpinak thawn tuah khal a si thei. Lungkim lo cing ih tuah mi cu ‘annexation’ thawn tluk awk ih ruah a si ruangah ‘transfer’ a si thei lo. Himi ruangah tusan ahcun ‘transfer’ cu a um thei nawn lo. ‘Mai lungkimnak’ vek ih tuah mi cu tusan khalah hman theih a si lai. Russia in Alaska cu a mai lung kimnak vek in US hnen ah kum 1867 Alaskan Cesssion Treaty vek in a pe.
Ram Dang Thawn KomAwknak (Accession)
Ram fate deuh pawl cu an innhnen ram tum deuh pawl thawn an komaw t'heu. India ram British kuttang ih a um lai ah mah te rak ukaw (princely state) pawl khal a hrek cu India ah an lut ih, a hrek cu Pakistan ah an lut. Cun, khawvel Ralpi veihnihnak ih rak t'henaw East Germany le West Germany pawl khal October 1990 ah an komaw sal. Asinan, Iraq in Kuwait a ram ih a kom vek cu ‘annexation’ a si ruangah accession ti theih a si lo.
Ram t'hang (accretion)
Tiva luan dan thleng awk ruang ah le tipi (sea) fawn ruang khal ah ram hlei a suak t'heu. hi vek ih ram hlei a um tik ah ram hlei ngah tu an rak um ve. Asinan, tiva pakhat luan dan nuam te’n a thleng awk ahcun ti dan dang khal ruat t'heu a si.
IV. THLI BORUAK LE VAN BORUAK
Thli boruak(Air Space)
Ram pakhat ih thuneihnak cu khawmual par lawngah si lo in, thli boruak khal a tel ve. Vanzamleng a suah hlan ahcun thli boruak hi thupi tuk ah an rak ruat lo nan, vanzamleng an sersiam hnu cun thli boruak hi thupi ngai ngai ah a cang. Ahleice in, khawvel Ralpi ah vanzamleng nasa zet ih an hman ruang ah thli boruak a thupi sin sin. Khawvel Ralpi I hlan ihsin mai ram tlun boruak cu ram neitu in an rak hmang ko nan, kum 1919 Paris Convention ah ram kip in mai ram tlun cio van boruak par ah thuneihnak pumhlum an nei ti ah an nem hnget. Paris Convention ih huap ban lo Latin America ram hrekkhat pawl in Havana Convention 1928 an tuah ve. Kum 1944 ah Chicago Convention in Paris Convention le Havana Convention pawl cu thleng a si.
Khawvel ralpi veihnihnak ah vanzamleng hmang in bom an thlak nasa tuk ruangah ramkip in an ram tlun thli boruak cu theitawk in an hum. Hi vek in thli boruak an hum tuk ruangah ramdang vanzam midang ram ih van boruak ih zam an kahthlak sakawk khal a um. Ramdang vanzam mi ram ih a va zam tik ah ram neitu in an t'um ter lole an ram par in zam suk cih ding ah thu an pe thei. Thimnak ah an hmelma ram ih vanzam a si ahcun an kap sak tla a si thei nan an rualt'ha ram ih vanzam a si ah cun ziang ti hman ti lo in an zam ter men ding. Curuangah vanzam neitu ram ih zir in an ti dan a dang. Cun, harsatnak tong rero vanzam le lam hlo vanzam pawl thu ah cun buainak a suak tuk lo. Ziang vek dinhmun a va si khal ah, ram dang van boruak ah dan lo in vanzam a lut hnu hnu cun ram neitu in an duh vek in an tuah thei. Vanzam mawngtu in ram neitui’ thupek a thlun duh lo a si ah tla cun ram neitu in an kap tla thei. Pursumleilawnnak le pehtlaihawk dan ih zir khal in thli boruak hman sak awk a si.
Outer Space (Van Boruak)
Paris Convention,1919 le Chicago Convention 1944 in mai ram tlun van boruak par ih thu neihnak cu an nem hnget ko nan, ziang cin ha thli boruak (airspace) ti ah felfai ih ngan a um lo. Vanzam a zam theinak, thli umnak tiang khi ‘airspace’ ti ah a tlangpi thu ih pom dan cu a si. Asinan, ‘airspace’ le ‘outerspace’ ramri hi t'hen theih a si hrih lo.
Curuangah, ‘Outerspace’ cu ‘airspace’ ih tlun ti ah hminsin a si. Rocket le satellite pawl an sersuah hnu in outerspace khal a thupi vivo. Hlan ahcun US le Russia lawng in satellite an rak nei thei nan tu ahcun ram dang in an nei vivo. Rocket an kah suak tik ah ‘airspace’ le ‘outerspace’ feh tlang a t'ul. Cun, Satellite pawl tla ram dang tlun thli boruak ah feh can a nei nan ram neitu pawl in an buaipi dah lo. An buaipi lonak san khal cu satellite nei thei a si lo ruang ah le an control thei lo ruang ah a si. Cun, satellite nei thei ram pawl khal in an mai ram hrang lawng ah hmang lo in ramdang hrang khal ah t'hathnemnak an pek ve ruang ah buainak a um dah lo.
Outerspace hman dan ding thu ah UN in committee din in hmalaknak a nei. Peaceful Uses Of Space ti mi a rak din ih, van boruak hmang thei pawl ih thlun ding daan khal a tuah sak. UN in van boruak hman dan ding daan (resolution) a tuah hmaisa bik cu kum 1963 ah a si. Himi hnu khal ah resolution dang pawl tla an tuah bet vivo.
V. TIPITHUANTHUM DAAN (Law of Sea)
Tipithuanthum daan thawn pehparaw in ngan ding hi a tam zet ih, tui t'um ahcun a tlangpi thu lawng tarlan a si. Mithiam tampi hman in an rel cat thei lo mi thu tampi a um hrih ruangah Tipi thu hi ngan thiam khal a har. Tipi daan thiam hrekkhat cun tipi daan lawng hi cabu bupi bu 2-3tiang hman in an ngan. Cumi lak ih theih tlak deuh pawl lawng kan tarlang hrih ding.
Tipi thuanthum hi t'hen thum ih t'hen a si. Cu pawl cu territorial sea, contiguous sea le high sea pawl tla an si. Tuhlan ahcun Territorial sea hi khawmual ihsin peng 3 (nautical mile) tiang a si ih tipi kap um ram ih thuneihnak sung ah a um. Cumi lan ah contiguous sea peng thum (nautical mile) tho tho a um. Contiguous sea khal hi territorial sea par ih thuneitu ram in a duh vek in a hmang thei ih, thu neihnak khal a nei. Contiguous sea lan hmuah cu high sea ti ah kawh a si. High sea cu ram kip hman theih a si. Kum zabi 20 hlan ah tipi daan ah buainak ciamco a rak um dah lo. Asinan, tipi sung in pursumleilawnnak t'ha hmuh suah vivo a si ruang ah ram hrekkhat in territorial sea hi peng thum hnak ih tam an duh ih, contiguous sea khal peng thum hnak ih tam si seh ti tu an um.
Hi vek ih buainak a um ruangah kum 1930 ah Netherlands ram, Hague khawpi ah Conference pakhat an rak nei. Asinan, ‘territorial sea’ thu cu an relcat thei lo. Tipi thu thawn pehpar aw in kum 1958 ah Switzerland ram, Geneva khawpi ah Geneva Diplomatic Conference an tuah sal. Hi conference ah ‘convention’ 4 an tuak suak thei. Convention on Territorial sea and Contguous zone, Convention on High sea, Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High sea le Convention on the Continental Shelf pawl tla an si. Asinan, hi Conference pi khal in territorial sea hi ziang cin a si ding ti an rel cat thei ve lo. Hi conference ah US,UK, Australia, France, Japan le Holland pawl in territorial sea hi peng thum cin lawng si ding ah an duh nan, Africa, Asia le Latin America pawl in an duh lo. Africa le Asia ram pawl in peng 12 tiang an ti ih, Latin America pawl in peng 200 tiang an ti. The Law of the Sea Convention in peng 12 hi territorial sea ah a ret. Asinan, Law of the Sea Convention pom le pom lo an um. A pom hrang ahcun peng 12 a si nan a pom lo hrang ahcun a si cuang lo. Tusan ahcun a tlangpi in peng 12 tiang hi territorial sea ih pom a si.
INNOCENT PASSAGE
‘Innocent Passage’ hi khuahlan ihsin an rak hman ringring mi a si. Ram dang lawng mai ram tipi sungih an luh ding rak sen sak hi a si bik. Innocent Passage khal hi felfai ih simfiang a um hrih lo. ‘Passage’ timi hi lawng pakhat cu ramdang tipi tan ih an feh lawng hi ‘passage’ ti a si lo. “Passage” timi ah ramdang tipi ah an colh tla a tel ve. Cun, harsatnak an ton ruangah ramdang tipi sungih an lut khal a tel thotho. Harsatnak um si lo in midang tipi ih an um ringring ahcun tipi neitu ram in an dawi suak thei.
“Innocence” ti khal hi rel dan tampi a um. Tipi neitu ram ih daan thlun lawng hi ‘innocence’ a si lo ti ah rak pom tlangpi a si. Tipi neitu ram ih humhimnak an ti buai lo hnuhnu cun ‘innocence’ a si ko tiih pom khal an um. Cun, mi ram tipi ah ralkap lawng thawn va luh khal ah tipi neitu ram an do ding a si lo ahcun ‘innocence’ a si ko titu an um vekin, ralkap lawng cu ziang vek dinhmun a si khal ah luh ngah lo titu an rak um ve.
Curuang ah, Innocent Passage hi ziang vek ciah a si ding ti hi rel theih a si lo. Lawng neitu ram le tipi neitu ram pawl an pehtlaih awknak thawn khal in thil ti dan a danglam ding. Cun, tipi sung um lawng ih dinhmun khal in thu tampi a nei ding.
FISHING RIGHTS
Nga hi sum hawlnak ah a t'ha hnem tuk ruang ah tipi kap um ram pawl hrangah a thupi ngaingai. Tipi kap ram pawl cun nga, kaikuang le cangai pawl kaiin sum tampi an lalut. Cet hmang in nga an kai tamtuk a si ahcun rei hlan ah nga an cem ding ti an theih ruangah tipi kap um ram pawl hin ‘nga kaih theinak cinri (fishing zone) le nga kaih thei lonak (Conservation zone) ti ah cinri an tuah. Tipi sung um nga pawl hi cem thei an si ruangah cet thawn tampi kaih le ti thuk tuk tiang kaih cu rem an ti lo. Cun, nga kaih thu thawn pehaw ih convention tuahmi Convention of Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources, 1958 khal in nga kai lonak hmun le caan nei ding ah a nemhnget. ‘Nga kaih lo caan (closed season), nga pawl ti an ti nak hmun le fa an neihnak hmun ih nga kai lo ding, cintawk nei ih kaih ding, ram pakhat ih kaih thei zat le nga fate (pi tling hrih lo) pawl kai lo ding ti ah nga kai ram pawl in an pom tlang.
Continental Shelf
‘Continental Shelf’ hi khawvel ralpi veihnihnak hlan deuh te ih thil suak a si. Tipi kap ram in tipi par lawng ah si lo in tipi hnuai (lei sung) um tiang par ah thu neihnak a nei tiah pom a rak si zo. Tipi hnuai ah thil t'ha tampi a um ruangah zo cio khal ih ngaihven a si.
‘Continental Shelf’ hi cithum ih t'hen a si. Ahmaisa bik ah, tipi kap ihsin 130 metres hrawng cin hi ‘continental shelf proper’ a si. Cumi hnuai 1,200 in 1,300 metres hrawng ih thuk cin hi ‘continental slope’ ti ah kawh a si. Himi ‘continental slope’ hnak ih thuk cu ‘continental rise’ ti ah kawh a si. Continental rise hi 3,500 in 5,500 metres hrawng ih kau a si. An pathum ih khaikhawm cu ‘continental margin’ a si.
Himi tipi hnuai ihsin ‘oil’ le ‘gas’ an lak ih hlei ah thir le thil t'ha dang tampi a suak. Hi vek in thil t'ha hnaar a si ruangah ramkip in an thei tawk in thil t'ha hawl in tipi sung ah an vak. An leiram thawn dai aw mi tipi khal thei tawk in an hum cio.
Exclusive Economic Zone
Tipi sung in nga le ei theih thil nung lawng si lo in thil t'ha tampi kan ngah thei ruangah tipi kap um ram pawl cun cuih thil t'ha pawl cu an la. Hivek thil t'ha an laknak hmun hi ‘Exclusive economic zone’ (EEZ)tiah an ko. ‘Patrimonial sea’ ti khal in an ko t'heu. Kum 1971 ah, UN Committee on Peaceful Uses of the Sea-Bed and Ocean Floor Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction ih hmalaknak in hi Exclusive economic zone hi a ra suak. Africa le Latin America ram pawl in peng 200 cin hi EEZ si ding ah ti. Khat lam ah tipi par ih cangvai thei ramcangkang pawl in an rak duh lo. Asinan, Asio-African Legal Consultative Committee ih lungkimtlannak vek in tusan ahcun peng 200 (nautical mile) cin hi EEZ ih pom tlan a si. Asio-African Legal Consultative Committee hi 1975 kum ah Iran khawpi, Teheran ih tuahmi a si. EEZ ih umzia cu tipi kap ram (coastal state) cun tipi le lei(khawmual) an daiawknak (baseline) ihsin peng 200 sung um thil hmuah hmuah par ah thuneihnak an nei. Thil hmuah hmuah kan ti tik ah thil nung le nung lo zate huap a si. Cun, hi thu neihnak lawng si lo in enkawl awknak khal ah mawhphuhnak a nei ve.
Tipi kap ram pawl cun peng 200 tiang ih thuneihnak an duh lai ah tipi nei ve lo (landlocked) le geographically disadvantaged ram pawl an rak um ve. Hi ram pawl cun an innhnen ram ih tipi EEZ sung ih thil t'ha hawl theinak an duh ve. Asinan, an inn hnen ram pawl in cu vek cu an sen lo. Pursum leilawnnak ah lawng thawn vah sukso cu an sen nan lei hnuai thil t'ha la ve ding tiang cu rem an ti lo. Landlocked ram hi 24 hrawng (R.C Hingorani-Modern International Law) an um. Hi ram pawl cu an innhnen ram pawl tipi ihsin ramdang thawn an dawr awk thei ruang ah an lungkim. Cu hlei ah, an innhnen ram pawl ih tipi si lo ram dang tipi par khal ah an mai thantar thawn an feh thei ruangah buainak a um lo. Asinan, tarlan zo vek in lei hnuai um thil t'ha la thei dinhmun cu an co thei lo.
Law of Sea Convention, 1982
Kum 1974 ah tipi daan thawn pehpar aw mi UN Conference pakhat cu Caracas ah an rak nei. Hi conference ah Law of Sea Convention timi an sersuak. Hi Convention cu 10 December 1982 ah ram dangdang palai 119 in an pom thu Montego Bay, Jamaica ramah hmin an t'hut. Asinan, US cun hmin t'hut nak a tuah duh lo. Hi Convention ah Article 320 a um ih, hi Convention cu tu hlan ih rak neih cia mi Convention pali pawl ih aiawh a si ding tiah Article 311 ah tarlan a si.
Article 3 nak ah ‘territorial sea’ cu baseline in peng 12 tiang a si ding ti ah an tarlang. Innocent Passage thu thawn pehparaw in Article 17 ah territorial sea ah ‘innocent passage’ tuah theih a si. Article 19 (1) ah territorial sea neitu ram ih daihnak (peace) hrang t'ihnung le humhimnak ih buainak a thlen loh mi pawl cu innocent passage a si tiah tarlan bet a si. Cun, article 19 (2) ah territorial sea neitu ram ih humhimnak, rampi zalennak le rampi pumkhatnak t'hen ter ding ah hriamnam hmang ih an luh mi cu innocent passage a si lo tiah nemhnget bet a si. Cuhleiah, ralthuam hmannak, kilhimnak thu(defense information) lakkhawmnak, territorial sea neitu ram kalh ih tlangaunak, vanzam le ralkap hmanrua thiarnak, nga kaihnak, tuahsernak (research) le zothlaknak (survey) pawl hrangah ram dang ih hman khal kham a si. Non-innocent passage pawl lak ihsin venhimawknak ding ah coastal state pawl in thuneihnak an neih thu cu Article 25 ah ngan a si. Contiguous Zone hi peng 24 cin si ding in Article 33 ah fix a si. Article 55 vek in Exclusive Econmic Zone cu ‘territorial sea thawn an dai mi le cumi leng-peng 200 hnak tam ih kau lo a si.
Himi Law of Sea Convention, 1982 ah tipi thu thawn pehparaw daan cu tarlan a si. Cun, ram tam sawn khal in hi Convention hi an pom. Tipi thu ah lungkim tlannak ngaingai cu tuah a har zet nan, Law of Sea Convention hi ram tam sawn ih thlun mi a si. Tipi tlun ih vanzam a zam thei ding thu khal ah lungkimtlannak taktak a um thei lo. Ram t'hangso zo le t'hangso rero karlak ahlatawk tuk ruangah zapi hnatlak tlanmi daan cu tuah harsa a si ding.
VI. THEIHPITNAK (Recognition)
Mirang t'ong ih ‘recognition’ hi Lai t'ong ih let dan ding a har deuh ruangah ‘theihpitnak’ tiah hman a si. Theihpitnak timi cu thil um zo rak pom pi a si bik. Tuhlan ih rampi dinhmun sinak nei dah lo ram pakhat cun rampi sinak a ngah tik ah rampi dinhmun ih ding zo pawl in an rak pom sak a t'ul. Cun, ram pakhat ih acozah cu a thlengawk tik ah cui acozah thar cu ram dang acozah ih a theihpit a t'ul. Curuangah, theihpitnak (recognition) hi phun hnih a um.
Ram dang pawl ih theihpitnak a um lo ahcun ziang vek ih ram ropi le tum an si hmanah ramdang thawn pehtlaihawknak ah buainak a um ringring ding. Curuangah, ramdang theihpitnak cu ram thar le acozah thar hrang thil t'ul rori a si. Ahleiceiin, do awknak thawn ram zalennak sual suak pawl le daan lo vek ih ram thuneihnak la tu acozah hrangah ramdang thawn pehtlaihawknak ah ‘theihpitnak’ a um lo cun thil cang thei a si lo.
Leitlun ram hmuahhmuah hi pakhat le pakhat pehtlaihaw t'heh a si ih, an lak ih tel ve ding cun an theihpitnak a t'ul. Rampi pakhat dinhmun ah um zo hman sehla ramdang ih theihpit lo mi ram a si theih thotho. Cuvek in, rampi dinhmun ngah hrih lo hmanah ramdang acozah pawl in theihpitnak an pe thotho ve fawn. Curuangah theihpitnak khal hi ziangmaw cin ahcun pawlitik thawn pehtlaihawknak lai an nei. Cun, daan lo vek ih ram thuneihnak latu pawl hrangah tla cun ramdang acozah ih theihpitnak ngah hi thil harsa zet a si. Thimnak ah US in China ramih Communist acozah cu theihmpitnak a pe duh lo. Bangladesh khal Pakistan ihsin a suah hnuah Pakistan le China in theihpitnak an pe duh ve lo.
Rampi Theihpitnak
Khawvel Ralpi Veihnihnak t'heh cun ram tampi in zalennak an ngah. Ralpi hlan ih mi kut tang um ram pawl cun zalennak an ngah tik ah rampi dinhmun ih ram um zo ram pawlin harsatnak um lo te’n theipitnak an rak pe men. Colony ram rak si t'heumi ram pawl in zalennak an ngah tik ah ramdang hnen in theihpitnak an ngah hluahhlo theinak san bik cu hi ram pawl in rampi dinhmun ih um thei ding sinak an neih ruangah a si. Rampi dinhmun ih umtheinak pawl cu tarlan zo vek in, ramkulh, a hmun mi mipi, a hngetmi acozah le thuneihnak pumhlum pawl an si. Colony ram pawl cun hi thil pawl a kim ih an neih ruangah rampi dang pawl in harsatnak um lo te’n theihpitnak an peknak bik cu a si.
Asinan, dokalhnak thawn zalennak sualsuak ram pawl cu rampi dang in ol te’n theihpitnak an pe lo. Algeria, Indonesia, Bangladesh le Vietnam pawl tla cu dokalhnak thawn zalennak sualsuaktu an si ruangah rampi hrekkhat cun theihpitnak an pe ko nan rampi hrekkhat cun an pe mei mei lo. Bangladesh cu Pakistan ihsin a suak tikah Pakistan le China in theihpitnak an pe duh lo lawk. Bangladesh le Pakistan hi ramkhat an rak si ih, kum 1971 March thla Bangladesh cu a suak. Himi hlan ahcun East Pakistan tiih rak kawh a si. December 1971 lawngah Bangladesh hin Pakistan le China ih theihpitnak a ngah. Cun, Vietnam khal UN ih membersinak a dil tik ah US in (veto power thawn) a rak kham dah.
Acozah Theihpitnak
Ram pakhat ih kumpi acozah a thlengawk tikah ramdang pawl ih theihpit cia ah ruah a si. Daan vek in hrilawknak thawn acozah thar an kai tik ah cuih acozah cu ramdang acozah khal ih theihpit cia a si. thimnak ah US ah Democrat acozah cu Republican in hrilawknak ah a neh cun Republican acozah cu ramdang acozah theihpit cia a si. Cu vek thotho in Republican cu Democrat in a neh tikah Democrat acozah cu ramdang acozah in theihpit cia a si ve. Cun, England le India ram pawl khal ah an rampi hrilawknak (general election) ih tling party in acozah an t'uan tik ah ramdang acozah cun theihpit cia a si. Hi vek in daan vek ih acozah an thlengawk tik ah buainak a um lo.
Asinan, acozah theihpitnak thawn pehparaw in buainak a suak t'heumi cu daan lo vek ih ram thuneihnak laksakawk a um tik ah a si tlangpi. Ralkap in ram thuneihnak an lak tik ah ramdang acozah pawl cun cuih ralkap acozah cu menmen in theihpitnak an pe duh lo ih, pursumleilawnnak le pehtlaihawknak dang pawl tla an tuahpi duh lo. Mipi in an duh ih an hril mi a si lo hnuhnu cun ziang vek acozah an va si hman ah ram dang acozah cun theihpitnak an pe duh lo. Thimnak ah Tuluk ram Communist acozah khal 1949 ihsin Tuluk ram thuneihnak cu an la zo nan US cun Communist acozah cu 1973 lawng ah theihpitnak a pe. Cun, Russia ram khal ah USSR in kumpi thu neihnak cu 1917 ihsin a kai zo nan 1932 hlan tiang cu ram ziang maw zat in theihpitnak an pe duh lo.
Atlangpithu in ralthuam hmang ih kumpi thu neihnak latu acozah cu ram dang acozah in theihpitnak an pe duh lo. Hmun hrekkhat ahcun daan vek ih hril mi acozah cu dokalh tu pawl in an do neh tik ah acozah thar an din t'heu. Asinan, dokalhtu pawl ih acozah cu a menmen in ramdang acozah pawl in theihpitnak an pe duh lo. Hi vek thotho in ralkap in ralthuam hmang in kumpi thuneihnak an lak tik khal ah ram dang acozah cun menmen in theihpitnak an pe duh lo.
Dokalhtu acozah le ralkap acozah pawl hi daan vek ih hril mi acozah hnak in mipi in rak duh ta bang sehla teh ramdang acozah in theihpitnak pe lo an um thei kem? ti khal hi mithiam hrekkhat ih suhnak a si. Cuihleiah mai ram hlawknak hawl cio a si tikah mai ram hlawknak ding a si ahcun ralkap acozah an va si ah maw, dokawlhtu ih dinmi acozah an va si khal ah theihpitnak an pe t'heu. Hi vek in tulai khawvel ah thil a um ruangah Asia le Africa ram tampi ah daan lo vek ih kumpi thuneihnak kaitu (aanashin) pawl an nun theinak a si.
Hel Acozah Theihpitnak
Ram pakhat ah acozah le hel an doaw ih, hel pawl in ram ziang maw cin an lak tik ah cuih ram cu ukawknak hnget thawn an hruai ih, doawknak daan (rules of warfare) an thlun ih, an ram sung um ramdang mi le an thil neihmi pawl an humhim sakah cun ram hrekkhat cun an mai hlawknak zo in theihpitnak an pe thei. Thimnak ah Algeria khal France uknak (colonial rule) ihsin hriamnam thawn zalennak an sual tik ah ram fate an control thei le vete’n ram ziang maw zat cun theihpitnak an pe cih. Algeria ram in France hnen in zalennak ngai ngai a ngah hlan ihsin Middle-east ram tam sawn cun rampi pakhat dinhmun ah theihpitnak an rak pe zo. Asinan tuisan ahcun hel pawl hi ram dang acozah in bawm hmanseh la theihpitnak pek awk tiang cu theih ding a um tuk lo.
Theihpitnak Pek awk Daan
Theihpitnak pekawk daan hi phun hnih-de facto le de jure ti ah mi tam sawn ih theih dan a si. quasi le ad hoc theihpitnak tuah khal an um.
De facto Recognition
Rampi pakhat cu a hnget hrih lo hman ah acozah le ram a neih ahcun de facto theihpitnak pek a si t'heu. Khat lam ah theihpitnak a petu ding ram/acozah ah thuthluknak ngai ngai an tuah thei lo ruang khalah de facto theihpitnak pek a si. de facto theihpitnak hi de jure theihpitnak pek hlan ah boruak thlirnak ih pek awk a si t'heu.
De jure Recognition
De Jure theihpitnak hi cu netnak bik a si. Hi de jure theihpitnak cu daan vek ih thlengawknak (constitutional changeover) a um lawng ah pek a si ve. Daan vek ih thlengawknak a um lo ahcun de jure hlan ah de facto theihpitnak pek awk t'heu a si.
De facto & de jure danglamnak
An pahnih hi danglam ciamco cu an si lo. Ziangmi sawn a va si khal ah theihpitnak ngah zo acozah/rampi cun ramdang le acozah dang pawl thawn pehtlaihawknak an nei thei veve. Asinan, rampi pakhat ah acozah le hel pawl in thuneihnak an neih veve tik ah ramdang acozah in acozah cu de jure theihpitnak an pek lai ah hel pawl cu de facto theihpitnak an pe ding. Hivek dinhmun ah buainak a suak thei. Mihrekkhat cun de jure theihpitnak nei sawn tu hi a nung sawn ding ti ah an ti. Khatlam ah de facto a nung sawn ding tiih hmuhnak nei tla an um thotho. Tuihlan ah hi thu ah buainak a rak um dah ruangah de facto le de jure te pahnih danglamnak an tuah suak. Cu pawl cu:-
(a) de facto theihpitnak cu acozah / rampi pakhat hnen ih a t'hen a zar ih (provisional & partial) theihpitnak fang lawng a si ih, de jure theihpitnak cu pumhlum theihpitnak (full acknowledgement) a si ve.
(b) An pahnih lak ih buainak a um tik ah de jure a nung ding.
De facto le de jure te pahnih dang lamnak hi a tlun ih tar vek si ciah lo in danglam deuhih rel dan khal a um tho tho.
Theihpitnak Hnukdawk Dan
Theihpitnak pek zo mi hi hnukdawk sal a theih maw? Atlangpi ih rel daan ahcun de facto theihpitnak cu hnukdawk theih a si nan, de jure theihpitnak cu hnukdawk theih a si lo. Himi te hi de facto le de jure an danglamnak bik a si. Asinan, khawvel thuanthu ah de jure theihpitnak pek zo ram hrekkhat khal an hnukdawk thu hmuh theih a si. Thimnak ah East Pakistan ti ah tulai Bangladesh ram cu de jure theihpitnak an rak pe. Asinan, Bangladesh cu Pakistan hnen in a suak tik ah a hran in de jure theihpitnak pek a si sal. A hlan ih an rak pek mi cu an hnukdawk sal tinak tluk a si.
Cun, rampi pakhat le pakhat pehtlaihawknak an ti tawp tikah an theihpitnak khal an ti tawp tinak a si lo. Rampi pakhat ih theihpiaw ring ring cing khal in pehtlaikawknak neih loh a theih thotho. UN member hmuahhmuah cun rampi dinhmun ah an theihpi aw t'heh ko nan an za te’n pakhat le pakhat pehtlaihawknak an nei t'heh cuang lo. Cun, humhimnak, pursumleilawnnak le thil dangdang ruang khal ah buainak nei ram hnih cu pehtlaiaw lo in an um thei.
Theihpitnak ih hlawknak
Theihpitnak nei rampi/acozah cun hlawknak tampi a nei. Cu pawl cu:-
i) rampi dang le acozah dang pawl thawn pehtlaihawknak a nei thei.
ii) a ramsung ah diplomatic immunity a nei thei
iii) tuhlan ih acozah rak t'uan pawl ih thilri (property) co theinak a nei
iv) a thil ti mi pawl cu daan vek ih pom sak a si
v) tuhlan acozahih rak tuahmi lungkimnak (treaty) hrekkhat khal a thleng thei.
Theihpitnak Neilo ih Sunnnak
Theihpitnak nei lo rampi/acozah cun harsatnak tampi a nei. A tlun ih tarlan mi pawl a tuah thei lo ih hlei ah a ram mipi pawl cu an ram passport thawn ramdang ah an feh thei lo. Ram dang / acozah pawl thawn khal in hnget zet in pehtlaihawknak an nei thei lo. An thil timi pawl khal in hmual a nei ngaingai thei lo.
VII. RAM MISA SINAK (NATIONALITY)
Ram misasinak hi a thupi zet ih, minung zokhal ram misasinak nei lo kan um lo ding. Asinan, khawvel buainak a phunphun le doawknak pawl ruangah ram misasinak nei lo tla an um. Hmun hrekkhat ahcun ‘mai ram misasinak’ kengkawh thei lo tla an um. Ziangvek dinhmun ah minung pakhat cu a va um hman ah ram pakhat khat ih misa sinak cu a nei tengteng ding a si. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 15 (1) ah ‘mi zokhal in ram misasinak covo a nei’ tiah a tarlang. Universal Declaration of Human Rights hi khawvel ramzakip ih pom tlan mi a si. Minung pumpak le ram kumpi pehtlaihawknak le minung pakhat le pakhat pehtlaihawknak ah ram misasinak hin tampi lai a rel. Curuangah minung zovek khal minung pangai dinhmun ih a umthei ding cun, a piannak ram a si tengteng lo hman ah, ram pakhat khat ih misasinak cu a neih rori a t'ul.
Mirang t'ong ih ‘nationality’ hi hman a sinak a rei hrih lo. Tuhlan ahcun ‘citizen’ tiah rak hman sawn a si. Asinan, tusan ahcun ‘citizen’ hnak in ‘nationality’ hi hman tam sawn a si. An pahnih lak ah danglamnak ciamco cu a um lo. An pahnih in bangaw ih hmang khal an um. US le UK ram hnih ah cun ‘citizen’ hi ‘nationality’ hnak ih sang ah an ret. Asinan, ramdang ahcun hivek ih danglamnak ciamco a um lo. International Law khal ah ‘citizen’ le ‘nationality’ hi bangrep ih hman a si.
A Tul Daan
Nationality (or) citizenship cu minung pakhat zo a si ti langtertu hminsinnak a si. Thimnak ah ram pakhat ih minung pakhat cu ramdang ih a feh duh tikah a mai ram ‘passport’ a neih a t'ul. ‘Passport’ hi ram misa sinak tetti a si. Nationality hi minung pumpak le rampi pehtlaihawknak bik a si. Mi pakhat in thil sual a tuah tik ah a mai ram sung ah thut'hennak an tuah sak ding. Rampi acozah khal in a mai misa ram dangih harsatnak a tawn tikah a buaipi ve ding. Cuvek thotho in mi pakhat cu mi ram ah a thi ih, buaipitu an um lo caan ah a ram in a buaipi ding. Ramdang in a misa pawl an dawisuak sak tik ah cuih ram cun a misa pawl cu a rak lalut ding. Ram hrekkhat ahcun an ram misa in midang ram sungah thil t'ha lo (daan kalh thil) an tuah hman ah kaihtheinak le thut'hensaktheinak thu neihnak an nei. India khal hi vek ram lak ah a tel ve.
Ram Misa sinak Co Daan
Ram misasinak ngah daan hi a phunphun a um ve. Ram pakhat ih hman dan le ramdang ih hman dan bangaw lomi tla a um thotho. A tlangpi thu in phun 5 a si. India ram ahcun phun 6 an nei. A tlangpi ih hmanmi phun 5 pawl cu:- birth, nationalisation, reintegration, subjugation le cession pawl an si. India ram ahcun birth, descent, registration, naturalisation, incorporation of territory le resumption (or) reintergration pawl an si. Hi pawl hi pakhat hnu pakhat kan zoh sal ding.
Birth
Ram tam sawn cun an mai ramsung suak hmuahhmuah cu ram misa sinak pek a si tlangpi. Mai ram sung suak hmuahhmuah ram misa sinak pekawk hi ‘jus soli’ tiah kawh a si. Argentina ih pek dan cu mal te’n a danglam deuh. Mi zovek khal in a ramsung ih fa an neih ahcun an fa cu Argentina ram misa sinak an pek cih. Asinan, Argentina misa sinak nei hmansehla ramdang ah fa an neih ahcun an fa cu Argentina ram misa sinak an pe lo.
Descent
Ram hrekkhat cun an ram misa zo vek khal in mi ram ih fa an neih hman ah an fa te pawl cu an ram misasinak an pek thotho. Germany in hi dan a hmang. United States, United Kingdom le India pawl khal in an hmang ve. Hiti vekih ram misa sinak pek awk hi ‘jus sanguinis’ ti ah kawh a si. Ram tam sawn in jus soli le jus sanguinis an thlun.
Naturalisation
Mi pakhat cu a suah le vete’n a suahnak ram (lole) a nu le pa ram ih misa sinak a ngah cih. Asinan, a suah ih a ngah mi ram misa sinak cu tanta in ramdang misa sinak a ngah duh ahcun ‘naturalisation’ a t'ul. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 15(2) ah ‘zo khal ram misa sinak thleng kham lo ding’ tiah tarlan a si. Ramdang mi nupi/pasal ih nei pawl, mai duh hrilnak, mi ram ih acozah hnat'uan ngah le dilnak pawl ruangah mi ram misasinak ngah pawl hi ‘naturalisation’ an si. ‘Naturalisation’ hmang ih ram misa sinak pekawk dan khal hi ram khat le ramkhat an bang aw lo. Ram hrekkhat ahcun nupi/pasal ih neihawk ruangah an pe cih lo. Cun, an ramsung ah a mal bik kum 3 tal a um a t'ul tivek in t'ulmi a phunphun an tuah. International Law le Municipal Law (khaw sung daan) ih an pom tlan dan bik cu ‘mi pakhat ih dilnak’ a si. Mi pakhat in ram dang misa sinak a dil hmaisa ding ih, a dilnak ram ih daan thawn a milaw a si ahcun cuih ram cun an ram misasinak a pe ding.
Reintegration
Mai suahkehnak ram misasinak hloh zo hnuah cuih mai suahkehnak ram misa sinak cu a ngah sal thei. A ngah sal theinak ding ah thil t'ul mi a um ve. Hiti vekin mai suahkehnak ram misa ngah sal theinak cu ‘reintegration’ tiah an ko. Reintegration le Naturalisation hi an bangaw lo. Reintegration cu mah ih rak neih zo mi kha thuhla le boruak phun phun ruang ah nei nawn lo ih um hnu ah ngah sal mi a si. Naturalisation timi cu rak neih dah lomi a thar ih ngah mi a si.
Subjucation, Incorporation or Cession
Subjucation le Incorporation hi ziang a si tilen, ram pakhat cu ramdang in an lak tikah ram latu ram misa sinak cu an ngah cih ve. Germany in Austria a lak hnu cun Austria pawl khal Germany ram mi (German) ah an cang t'heh cih. Cun, ram pakhat cu ramdang a va kom tikah a va komnak ram misa sinak an keng t'heu. Sikkim state khal India Union ih an luh hnu cun Sikkim mi hmuahhmuah cu India misa an si cih.
Option
Rampi pahnih cu ram hnihah an t'hen awk tik ah an ram misa pawl cu an duh sawn mi ram misa sinak an hril ter t'heu. India le Pakistan an rak t'henawk pek khal ah an mipi pawl cu India misasinak lole Pakistan misasinak la ding ah an hril ter. Rampi t'henawk ruang lawng si lo in, colony ram pawl in zalennak an ngah tikah cui colony ram ih rak um ramdang mi pawl cu duhhriltheinak an pe t'heu. Cun, nunau ramdang mi pasal nei hrekkhat pawl khal an pasal ram misasinak hi an duhhrilnak par ah a t'hum aw.
Ram misasinak thleng daan le hloh dan
Ram pakhat ih misa si hnu ah ram dang ih misasinak thleng a theih vek in, ram pakhat hman ih misasinak nei lo khal in a um theih.
Renunciation
Mi pakhat cun ram misasinak a neih cia mi kha cui ram dan vek in a hnong thei a si. Thimnak ah mi pakhat cun ramdang pakhat ih misa sinak a dil ruangah maw, asilole cui ram ih hrawiawkdan a duh lo ruangah maw, ramdang misasinak a neih zo ruangah a neih cia mi ram misasinak cu a hlon thei.
Deprivation
Ram hrekkhat ahcun an ram misa pawl cu an ram humhimnak hrangah thil t'ihnung an tuah ah maw, sualnak rapthlak an tuah tikah an ram daan vek in thil sual tuahtu ih ram misasinak cu an ti tawp thei. Thimnak ah hriamnam hmang in acozah a do ah maw, an rampi thawn do aw mi ram (ral ram - enemy state) a bawm ruangah maw, ral ram hrangah zohthuptu a t'uan a si ahcun ram thuneitu pawl in an ram misa sinak in an dawi thei.
Termination
Ram hrekkhat cun an misa pakhat in ramdang ram misasinak a ngah hnu ah an ram misasinak a nei thei nawn lo tiah daan an nei. Curuangah, mai ram misasinak tanta in ramdang misa si theinak nei pawl cu tu hlan ih an rak neih mi ram misasinak cu an nei thei nawn lo.
Lapse
Mi pakhat cu a mai ram ih kir loin mi ram ah kum reipi a um ahcun a ram thuneitu pawl in an misa ah an pom nawn lo. Mai ram acozah hna t'uan, UN hnat'uan, ca zir le pumcawmnak hawl in ram dangah a lang ih va um pawl cu an tel lo. Mai thu te’n mi ramah kum reipi um pawl lawng an si.
Subsitution
Mi pakhat ih ram misa sinak cu ‘a umnak ram kha ramdang in an lak ruangah maw, ramdang thawn an komawk ruangah maw, an ram t'hent'hekawk ruangah maw’ a thleng aw thei. Thimnak ah Bangladesh ram a hung suak tik ah, tuhlan ih Pakistani rak ti aw pawl cu ‘Bangladeshi’ ah an cang.
Double Nationality
Mi pakhat cu a nu le pa ram ah suak lo in ramdang ih a suak tik ah a nu le pa ram misasinak le a suaknak ram misasinak a nei thei. Hivek in mi pakhat in ram pahnih ih misasinak a nei thei. Asi lole, nunau pakhat in ramdang mipa a neih tik ah a mai ram misasinak hloh cuang lo in a pasal ram misasinak khal a nei thei thotho.
Mi pakhat in ram pahnih ih misa sinak a neih tikah pumpak ih hlawknak a um vekin harsatnak khal a um ve. Ram misa sinak a neihnak ram hnih hnen in t'uanvo a nei. Cun, an ram pahnih hi do aw seh la zo lam sawn ah a um ding ti khal thil buaithlak a si.
Ram nei lo minung
Ram pakhat hman ih misasinak nei lo pawl hi ‘stateless person’ ti ah an ko. Mi pakhat cu a mai ram daan kalh ih thil a tuah ruangah ram misasinak titawp sak in ram neilo in a um thei. Cun, mai ram ah um ngam/thei lo in ramdang humhimnak hawl ih tlan ‘raltlan’ pawl khal hi ram neilo minung an si. ‘Mi zokhal in ram misasinak canvo an nei’ti hi UN Universal Decralation of Human Rights ah a um ko nan, raltlan pakhat cu a tlannak ram in ram misa sinak a pek ding le pek lo ding cu ram acozah par ah a t'hum aw. ‘Covo (rights)’ cu a um ko nan a petu ding a um lo ahcun covo in umzia a nei thei lo.
XIII. ASYLUM
Buainak a phunphun ruangah mai ramah um thei lo in ramdang ah humhimnak hawl ih vak suak hi khuahlanpi ihsin an rak um zo. Tulai khal ah buainak le ruah dan a bang awk lo ruangah mai ramah um ngam loin mi ram ih himnak hawl hi tampi an um. Cun, mai ram hruai awk dan duh pom thei lo in mai ram hruaitu pawl dokalhnak ruangah mai ramih um thei lo pawl khal in mi ramah himnak hawl in an vak ve. Hivek hi tu ni khalah hmuh le theih ding an tampi. Biaknak, phunhnam le t'ong ruang ih thleidan tuar pawl khal in hmundang himnak hawl in an vak suak ve. Hivek in mai ram ah himnak neilo le thleidan tuar pawl in mi ramih himnak (asylum) an dil thei. Asinan, nun nom deuh duh le pursumleilawnnak t'ha sawn duh ruangih ram dang vai pawl cun himnak (asylum) an dil thei lo.
Asylum timi cu ram pakhat in ramdang mi pakhat hnenih a pekmi ‘humhimnak’ tiin let sehla theihfiang a ol ding. Atlangpithu in mi pakhat cu a mai ramah phunhnam, biaknak, politics le pawlkom cangvaihnak pakhatkhat ruangih a him nawn lo tikah ramdang ah himnak hawl in a tlan t'heu. A thlennak ram in humhimnak a rak pe thei. “Asylum” ih thuanthu hi milai thuanthu thawn an upat dan ah an thluk aw. Khuahlan Greek le Roman san pawl khal ah an rak hmang zo.
Right of Asylum
‘Right of Asylum’ thu ah ram thuneitu le raltlan kar ah buainak a suak t'heu. Universal Declaration of Human Rihgts Article 14nak ah ‘mi zo khal ramdang ah humhimnak (asylum) dil le um theinak covo a nei(everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution)’ timi ah, ram thuneitu pawl cun an ram ih humhimnak diltu hmuahhmuah hnenah humhimnak an pe ding tiah raltlan hrekkhat in ruahnak an nei. Cun khatlam ah ram thuneitu pawl cun humhimnak pek ding le pek lo ding cu ram thuneitu kut ah a um an ti ve. Asylum pek le pek lo ding thu ahcun ram thuneitu pawl hi an dik. Ziangah tile humhimnak petu ding cu an mah an si ih, an ram daan le acozah policy vek lawng in raltlan hnenah asylum an pe t'heu. Raltlan pawl ih neihsun cu ‘asylum dil theinak covo’ te lawng a si. Ram thuneitu in raltlan hnenah humhimnak a pe tengteng ding tiah raltlan hrekkhat in an ruahnak cu ‘an mai ramah hrem an tuar ding ruangah humhimnak an dilnak ram acozah cun ‘milai lainatnak t'uanvo (humanitarian duty) thawn humhimnak an pek a t'ul timi ruahnak a si. Ziangvek dinhmun ih raltlan tu a va um hmanah humhimnak pek le pek lo cu ram acozah par ah a hngat aw. Amahlawngte, abur ih raltlan an um tikah le ralbuai ruangah abur in raltlan pawl in humhimnak an dil tikah cun ram acozah cun humhimnak a pek a t'ul rori can a um ve.
Asylum pek awk ruangah ramkhat le ramkhat hmuhsual awknak khal a suak thei. Thimnak ah Dalai Lama le Tibet pawl cu India in asylum a pek tikah Tuluk le India ram hnih pehtlaihawknak cu a danglam cih. Cun ram pakhat cun amah thawn rem aw lo mi ramih mipi pawl cu a ramsung ah asylum a pe hrim t'heu. Asylum thu ah thupi zet pakhat cu ‘asylum petu ram ih pursumleilawnnak’ a si. Ram pakhat cun raltlan tampi a ramsung ih a um ter tikah a ram pursumleilawnnak tiang a sia phah thei. Thimnakah, raltlan pawl ih ei le in, umnak inn, hnat'uan le harhdamnak t'uanvo hrangah sumpai tampi an cem a t'ul. Hivek dinhmun ruangah ram hrekkhat cun an ramsung ah raltlan tampi humhimnak an pe duh lo.
Territorial Asylum
Ram pakhat in amai ramsung ah raltlan pakhat asylum a pekmi cu ‘territorial asylum’ tiah kawh a si. Ram pakhat cun ramdang thawn ‘treaty’ an tuahmi a kalh lo ahcun raltlan zo vek khal a ram sungah humhimnak a pe thei. Asinan raltlan pakhat cu asylum a dilnak ram le a ra tlannak ram karlak ah ‘treaty’ a um ih, raltlan amah vek cu humhimnak pe lo in kuat kir sal dingah cui ‘treaty’ ih a um zo ahcun asylum a dilnak ram cun a ra tlannak ram (amai ram) ah an kuat kir sal a t'ul. Khuahlan ahcun politics ruangah ramdang ih humnak hawl pawl cu an kuat kir hluah hlo nan, tusan ahcun a linglet in politics raltlan pawl cu kuat kir sak awk a um nawn lo. Hi vek in politics ruangih raltlan pawl an kuat kir nawn lonak san bik cu ‘tuisun ih raltlan cu thaisun ah amai ram ah acozah a t'uan thei’ ruangah a si. Ram pakhat in raltlan pakhat cu ‘territorial asylum’ a pek hnu ah ramdang acozah pawl khal in an upat ve a t'ul.
Diplomatic Asylum
Ziang maw caan ah ram hrekkhat cun ramdang ih an embassy kulh sung ah raltlan cu humhimnak an pe t'heu. Hivek in embassy kulh sungih humhimnak an peknak cu mipi (mob) lole ram thuneitu thinhengnak ihsin hum dingah a si. Hivek in embassy kulh sungah humhimnak an pek awk hi ‘Diplomatic Asylum’ ti ah an ko. Ram acozah cun a ram sung um ramdang embassy par ah thu neihnak a nei lo ruangah mi zo khal embassy kulh sungah duhduh ih luh a ngah lo. Ramdang embassy ih humhimnak dil hi an um phah t'heu. Ram tam zet in tu ni tiang an hmang lai.
Humhimnak petu ram le raltlan pawl ih t'uanvo
Raltlan cun humhimnak a petu ram ih lainatnak hi a hman thiam a t'ul. Cun, raltlan humhimnak petu ram acozah khal in a ramsung um raltlan pawlih an t'hatnak hi hmangsual lo dingah t'uanvo a nei ve. Ahmaisa bik ah raltlan cun a theih ding mi cu ‘a umnak ram in humhimnak a pek ruangah a umnak ram le a ra thlannak ram karlak ah hmuhthiam awk lonak a um zo’. Curuangah raltlan cun humhimnak a petu ram hi a ra thlannak ram ih duh lo zawng tuahnak hmun ah a hmang ding a si lo. Cuhleiah, a umnak veng le ram acozah daan kalh in zianghman tuah lo ding ah t'uanvo a nei.
TREATIES
Athok lam ih tarlan zo vek in ‘treaty’ cu ‘hnaktlaktlannak’ ti ah Lai t'ong in let sehla a sual tam lo ding. Treaty hi kawh dan phunphun a um. An sinak ah danglamnak nei cuang si lo in kawh dan dangdang a um. Cupawlcu, Protocol, Declaration, Convention, Charter, Covenant pawl tla an si. Hi pawl hin danglamnak ciamco an nei lo. Treaty hi phun 4 a um. Universal, general, multilateral le bilateral pawl an si. Universal cu khawvel rampi zate huap a si nan, khawvel rampi zate khuap ih tuahmi ‘treaty’ ngaingai cu a um hrih lo. Multilateral treaty cu ram tam nawn huap ih tuahmi a si. Bilateral Treaty cun ram pahnih lawng a huap.
Zo Pawlsi Treaty Tuah Thei?
Ram zalen (sovereign states) pawl lawng in treaty an tuah thei. Ramdang uknak tang um pawl, trust territory le federation rampi ih state pawl in treaty an tuah thei lo. Protectorate state khal in treaty a tuah thei lo. A aiawh in ‘amah humtu’ protecting state in treaty a tuah t'heu. Amahlawngte, an pahnih kar lak ih lungkimtlannak khal a thupi thotho. Ram zalen lawng siloin international organisation pawl khal khi treaty tuah thei ding dinhmun an um ve. Ahleicein, United Nations, UNESCO, WHO, ILO le World Bank pawl khal in treaty an tuah thei ve.
Treaty Tuah Daan
Atlangpi thu in biakawknak (negotiation) hmang in treaty tuah a si. Biakawknak ah rampi palai(plenipotientiaries), rampi hotu lole rampi cozah hotu lole foreign minister pawl an tel t'heu. Rampi hotu (head of state), rampi acozah hotu(head of government) lole foreign minister pawl in biakawknak ih an tel ahcun an palai in ‘letter of authority’ a neih a t'ul. Treaty tuah dingih palai in ziangvek thuneihnak a nei ti an cik aw t'heu. Palai ih thuneihnak zohfel a si hnu lawng ah biawkawknak an t'an ih, thutawp khal an tuah tlang. Biakawknak ih an hnatlaktlanmi cu lethmatt'hu (signed) a si lole initialled a si t'heu.
Ultra vires signature
‘Treaty’ pakhat cu sign ding lawng a si tikah a sign tu ding palai in ziang vek thuneihnak (authority) a nei ti a thupi. Ram hrekkhat cun treaty tuah ding ah palai an thlah nan, treaty nemhnget ding ih sign ding tiang cun an palai cu thuneinak an pe tel lo. Hivek caan ah an palai in thuneihnak neilo in a rak sign pang ahcun buainak a suak thei. Ahleicein ‘ratification’ t'ul lomi treaty ah palai pakhat cun sign ding in thuneihnak nei lo in a rak sign a si ahcun buainak tumpi a suak thei. Asinan, treaty ih sign thei dingih thuneihnak nei lo palai pawl cun an sign tuk lo.
Ratification
‘Treaty’ pakhat cu ‘kan pom ih, hi treaty kalh in kan ram ziang thil hman kan tuah lo ding’ ti nemhngetnak khi ‘ratification’ a si. Multilateral treaty hrekkhat cu ratification a tuahtu ‘ram bithliah’ an nei t'heu. An bithliah zat ram in ratification an tuah lo ahcun cuih treaty in umzia a nei lo. Lungkimtlan zomi treaty pakhat ratification tuah ding ah caan bithliah a um lo. Aranglam ih ratification tuah ding cu beisei a si. Multiralteral treaty ratification tuah ding lawng ah caan tampi a rei t'heu. A kum tel ih rei khal a um.
Tusan ahcun ‘ratification’ in hmin poimawh bik a luah. Tuhlan ahcun ‘signature’ (hmint'hut) hi a rak thupi sawn ih ‘ratification’ cu formality men a rak si. Tusan ahcun hmint'hut zomi ziang vek treaty khal hmint'hut tu rampi cun a duh lolen ratification tuah lo in a um thei. Ratification tuah lo hnuhnu cun treaty in umzia a nei nawn lo. Khatlamah, treaty hrekkhat ahcun ratification tuah lo in signature lawng a tawk ti khal in thil an tuah ve.
Treaty pakhat cu ratification an tuah hlan ah cui treaty ih t'hatnak le siatnak pawl cu nasa zetin an zoh ta. Ram hrekhat ahcun treaty pakhat cu an ram in an ratify ding maw ratify lo ding ti kha vantlang mipi hnen ah debate an tuah ter t'heu. Rampi acozah in vantlang mipi duh zawng vek in an feh cuang lo nan treaty ih t'hatnak le siatnak zohfiangnak ah thil t'hahnem zet a si. Cun treaty pakhat cu ratify ding a si hman ah zo in a ratify ding ti a um lai. Ramkhat le ramkhat an ti dan a bang aw lo. England ahcun Crown in a ratify ih, US ahcun Senate t'hen thum ih t'hen hnih in an duh lawngah an ratify, India ahcun Central Cabinet ih thurawn (advice) vek in President in treaty cu a ratify.
Treaties Relnak Tel Lo Ram Pawl Tel Theih Dan (Accession)
Treaty pakhat relnak ah tel lo nan a nehhnu ah ram pakhat cun cuih treaty tuahtu ram pawl lak ih tel a duh ahcun a tel ve thei. Treaty pakhat cu ram pakhat in a pom ve tikah a sign ding ih ractify a tuah ding. Cumi hnu ah cuih ram khal ‘treaty’ an sign mi an thlun ve ding. Hivek ih thil an fehpi dan hi ‘’accession’ tiah an ko. Asinan, treaty hmuahhmuah hi ‘accession’ tuah theih a si lo. ‘Accession’ tuah theih ding ih rak ruahman lawk multilateral treaties pawl lawng hi ‘accession’ tuah theih an si.
‘Reservation’ timi a um lai. Reservation ih umzia cu ‘treaty’ pakhat cu cinri nei ih rak pom a si. Multilateral treaty ahcun zo vek ram khal in reservation an neih hman ah buainak a um tam ciamco lo. Asinan, ram hnih (bilateral treaty) karlak lawng a si ahcun ‘reservation’ tuahtu ram in cuih an treaty cu a lungkim ngai ngai lo ruangah a thar tuah ding ih duhthu a lan ternak tluk a si. Cun, treaty hrekkhat cu ‘reservation’ tuah theih lo rori khal a um ve. Hivek treaty cu treaty an ngan lai ah ‘reservation’ tuah thei lo ding ih an tuahmi pawl an si.
Treaty Thih Dan (Invalidy)
1) Palai ih thuneihnak famkim lonak
Treaty thu rel dingah ram pakhat cun a palai a thlah ding nan ‘thuneihnak’ cinri a tuah sak thei. Hi cinri thuneihnak lan in thil a tuah a si ahcun hi palai ih thil tuah cu a ram kumpi a pom lo thei.
2) Diklonak (Error)
Thuhla lole boruak um si lo in um vek ih tuah tahrat in ram dang kumpi cu treaty an sign ter ih cuih ram cun thu dik a theih sal tik ah a rak sign zo mi treaty cu a hnong cih theih sal.
3)Bumnak (Fraud)
Ram pakhat cun ramdang cu bumnak hmang in treaty a tuahpi khal ah cuih treaty in umzia pakhat hman a nei lo.
4) Palai Fel Lonak (Corruption of Representative)
Treaty tuahnak ih ra tel ram palai ih lungkimnak cu dik lo (sumpai in maw) in an ngah a si khal ah cuih treaty cun umzia a nei lo.
Cun, ralthuam thawn hringhro ruangah loh theih lo in treaty an sign ter mi pawl khal hi ‘treaty nung’an si thei lo.
Titawp Dan (Termination)
1) Thiltum hlawhtling zo (Fulfilment of object)
Treaty an tuahnak san, an thiltum an t'heh ih hi treaty thawn peh awin thil tuah ding a um nawn lo tik ah cuih an treaty cu titawp a si.
2) Lapse of time
Treaty pakhat cu ziang tik tiang a nung din g ti kha cuih treaty ah ngan tel tlangpi a si. Cuih tikcu caan a cem hnu ahcun an treaty cu a thi a si.
3) Lungkim tlannak thawn (By agreement)
Treay rak tuahtu le rak sign tu ram pawl cun an zate lungkim tlannak in an treaty cu an ti tawp thei sal.
4) Hnonnak (Denunciation)
Treaty tuahru ram pawl cun an treaty cu an hnong ahcun an treaty cu a thi. Ahmunmi (permanent) treaty timi a um lo ruangah ziang vek treaty khal in hnon theih an si ring ring.
5) Treaty Thar (novation)
Treaty pakhat thleng ding ah treaty dang tuahsuak a si ahcun treaty hlun cu ‘thi’ tluk ah a cang.
Cun, Material breah, Supervening impossibility le Fundamental change of circumstances ti pawl khal in treaty ti tawp dan an um . Doawknak khal treaty ziang maw zat cu a titawp.
United Nations Organisation (UNO)
Leitlun Ralpi vei 2nak an doawk vutvo lai ah USA President Franklin D. Roosevelt le British Prime Minister Winston Churchill cun ral do awk um nawnlo ih ‘Daih-Remnak Leitlun’ din thei dingin thu an rel tlang. August 14, 1941 ah daihnak tuah ding ah an thiltum an phuangsuak. Cuih an thiltum cu “Alantic Charter” tiih kawh asi. January 1, 1942 ah ram 26 ih palai pawl cu Washington D.C ah tongaw khawm in United Nations Declaration timi thusuah an tuah. Hi’h hnu khal ah tonawknak dang an nei hnuaihni nan, April 25 - June 26, 1945 ih San Francisco Conference ahhin United Nations Charter le International Court of Justice pawl nemhnget a si ruangah a hlan ih conference neihmi pawl hnak in a thupibik ti theih a si. Hipawl an nemhngeh hnu, October 24, 1945 ah United Nations Organisation tiah hmin pe in, atuih UNO tiih kan kohmi hi dinsuah thok a rak si. UNO General Assembly hmaisabik cu London khawpi ah neih a rak si ih, ‘UN Headquarters hi USA ah um seh’ tiih thuthluknak tuah asivek in UN Hq. cu tuisun ni tiang New York khawpi ah a um lanta.
UN tumtahmi thupibik pawl cu phun 4 ih ‘hen asih, cu pawl cu;
- Leitlun ramkip ah daihnak tuah ding
- Ramkhat le ramkhat karlak ah remnak tuah ding
- Miharsa bawm ding, natnak do ding le cathiam lo (Illiterate) pawl bawm ding, Milai Covo le zalennak upat tonawk ding ah zirh awk ding
- A tlunlam ih tumtahmi pawl khi, ramtin ih hman (Practice) asi theinak ding ah bawmtu tuan ding
A thiltummi pawl tuahsuak ding ah ‘Main Organ’ 6 a nei.
- General Assembly
- Security Council
- Economics and Social Council
- Trusteeship Council
- International Court of Justice
- Secretariat pawl an si.
General Assembly (GA)
GA hi UN ih banpibik (Central Organ) asi. Leitlun ramkip in mahle palai cio thlah in an duhmi/ tulmi an sim theinak hmun asi. Ramtin in vote 1 cio neiin kum 1 vei 1 an tongaw theu. Ram 1 in UN hrang ah sumpai ziangzat a khuan ding tivek pawl khal GA ahhin rel asi theu.
Security Council (SC)
Leitlun daihnak kilkhawitu bik (Main Guardian of World Peace) a si. SC in Leitlun daihnak le himnak thu lawng a buaipi ih a rorelnak cu GA in an lungkimpi. Member 15 an um ih, 5 cu thleng theih loh (Permanant Member- PMbr) leh, a dang 10 pawl cu GA in kum 2 ah veikhat a thleng theu. PMbr 5 pawl cu China, France, Russian Federation, United Kingdom & United States pawl an si. Hihmi ram 5 in an rorelmi hnong theinak ‘VETO Power’ an nei. Hihmi ram 5 lakih ram 1 in VETO Power hmang in SC ih rorelmi cu a el thei, cu tiih a eel ahcun an rorelmi in san a nei nawn lo (Hminsin: Burma ram thuhla khal kha SC ih putluh asi theu nan, Rusia le China in an “AW” duhlo ruangah a taang mi ram 3 pawlih lungkim cingin kum reipi sung cu san neiloin a uk kha). UNSC ih rorelmi thuthluknak tuah thei ding in amalbik member 9 in an ‘Aw’ a tul ih, PMbr pawl lak ihsin ram 1 hman in VETO an hmanlo a tul fawn.
Economics and Social Council
UNO sungih hnatuan tambiknak asi ih ECOSOC tiah a tawi zawng ih kawh asi theu. Commission le Specialised Agencies nei in hna a tuan.
The Trusteeship Council (TC)
UN a rak din pekih zalennak ngah hrih lo ram pawl zohtu asi. Ram 11 hrawng an rak um. TC ih a zohmi ram pawl in zalennak an ngah theh zo ruangah Oct. 1994 ihsin....
( peh vivo lai ding...)
